اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 20 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 508 |
| تعداد مقالات | 4,389 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 8,222,644 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 4,216,085 |
بررسی تأثیر نقش مذهب بر اندازۀ دولت | ||
| دین و ارتباطات (دانشگاه امام صادق/ نامه صادق) | ||
| مقاله 4، دوره 28، شماره 2، اسفند 1400، صفحه 458-435 اصل مقاله (473.77 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی-پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30497/rc.2022.76095 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| مصطفی حیدری هراتمه* | ||
| استادیار و عضو هیئت‌علمی گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد نراق، مرکزی، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| هدف تحقیق حاضر، بررسی تأثیر نقش مذهب در تعیین اندازۀ دولت است. بدین‌منظور مدل سادۀ اقتصادی ـ سیاسی با پیروی از مطالعۀ آذی و اهرنبرگ (1975) مبتنی‌بر مطالعۀ ملتزر و ریچارد در نظر گرفته شده است و مذهبی‌بودن به‌عنوان شدت رضایت حاصل از کمک‌های خیریه برای کالاهای عمومی مدل‌سازی شد که در آن هرچه افراد مذهبی‌تر باشند، رضایتی که از اعانه‌های داوطلبانه کسب می‌کنند، بیشتر است. افراد مذهبی در مقایسه با افراد سکولار به منظور صرف قسمت بزرگ‌تری از درآمدشان برای اعانه‌های داوطلبانه به سطوح پایین‌تر مالیات رأی می‌دهند؛ بنابراین فرایند سیاسی منجر به کاهش اندازۀ دولت در کشورهای مذهبی‌تر و به معنای سطوح پایین‌تر هزینه برای کالاهای عمومی و بازتوزیع است. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد: کشورهای دارای سطح بالاتری از اعتقاد به زندگی پس از مرگ (مذهبی‌تر) تمایل به داشتن سطح بالاتر بار مالیاتی دارند؛ بنابراین اندازۀ دولت کاهش پیدا می‌کند. همچنین کشورهای مذهبی‌تر، نسبت هزینه دولت به تولید ناخالص داخلی کمتری خواهند داشت که به معنای کاهش اندازۀ دولت خواهد بود. ازسوی‌دیگر، کشورهای دارای سطح بالاتر اعتقاد به زندگی پس از مرگ (مذهبی‌بودن) سطح پایین‌تری از پرداخت‌های انتقالی دارند که به معنای اندازۀ کوچک‌تر دولت خواهد بود. در نهایت می‌توان گفت کشورهای مذهبی‌تر سطوح پایین‌تری از مالیات و هزینۀ دولتی داشته باشند و در مقابل انتظار می‌رود اندازۀ دولت در کشورهای مذهبی‌تر کوچک باشد؛ بنابراین مذهب و هزینۀ رفاهی دولت به نوعی مکانیسم‌های جایگزین برای تأمین بیمه اجتماعی محسوب می‌شوند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| مذهب؛ اندازۀ دولت؛ شایستگی رستگاری؛ اعتقاد به زندگی پس از مرگ | ||
| موضوعات | ||
| اقتصاد فرهنگ و ارتباطات؛ سیاست‌گذاری فرهنگ و ارتباطات؛ علوم سیاسی و فرهنگ و ارتباطات | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Investigating the Impact of Religion on Government Size | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mostafa Heidari Haratemeh | ||
| Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Naragh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Naragh, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the role of religion in determining the size of government. For this purpose, a simple economic-political model was considered following the study of Azzi and Ehrenberg (1975) based on the study of Meltzer-Richard, and religiosity was modeled as the intensity of satisfaction from charitable donations for public goods, in which the more religious people are, the more satisfaction they get from voluntary donations. Religious people vote for lower levels of taxation than secular people in order to spend a larger portion of their income on voluntary contributions. Thus, the political process leads to a reduction in the size of government in more religious countries, meaning lower levels of spending on public goods and redistribution. The "belief in life after death" index was considered a religious criterion, and for the size of the government, the tax burden indices and the ratio of government expenditures and transfer payments to GDP were considered. Data were collected for a period of 15 years (2018-2004) from the Statistics Center and the Central Bank of Iran and GMM and 2ls IV econometric models were used to analyze the data. The results showed: a) Countries with a higher level of belief in life after death (more religious) tend to have a higher level of tax burden, so the size of government is reduced. b) The variable of belief in life after death as a measure of religiosity has a negative and significant effect on the ratio of government spending to GDP as a measure of government size. Therefore, more religious countries will have a lower ratio of government spending to GDP, which would mean a reduction in government size. c) Countries with a higher level of belief in the afterlife (religion) have a lower level of transfer payments, which would mean a smaller size of government. Finally, it can be stated that more religious countries have lower levels of taxes and government spending. On the contrary, it is expected the size of government in smaller religious countries to be smaller. Therefore, religion and the cost of government welfare are considered as alternative mechanisms for providing social insurance. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Religion, Government Size, Salvific Merit, belief in an after-life | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Af onso, Antonio; Schuknecht, Ludger & Tanzi, Vito. (2010). Income Distribution Determinants and Public Spending Efficiency, The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8 (3).
Alesina, A., Campante, F. R., Tabellini, G. R., (2008). Why is fiscal policy often procyclical?. Journal of the European Economic Association, 6 (5), 1006-1036.
Almas Heshmati, Inequalities and Their Measurement, IZA Discussion Paper, No: 1219, Bonn. 2004.
Armey, Richard K. (1995). The Freedom Revolution: the New Republican House MajorityLeader Tells Why Big Government Failed. why freedom works, and how we will rebuildAmerica (p. 316). Regnery Pub.
Arye Hillman-Heinrich Ursprung (2000). Political culture and economic decline. European Journalof Political Economy, Volume: 16, No: 2, 189-213.
Azzi, C., Ehrenberg, R., (1975). Household allocation of time and church attendance. Journal of Political Economy, 83 (1), 27-56.
Ba rro, Robert & Martin, Sala-i. (1995). Economic Growth. Boston: Massachusetts Instituteof Technology Press.
Barrett, D. B., Kurian, G. T., Johnson, T. M., (2001). World Christian Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Barro, R. J., McLeary, R. M., (2003a). Religion and economic growth across countries. American Sociological Review, 68 (5), 760-781.
Barro, R. J., McLeary, R. M., (2003b). International determinants of religiosity. NBER Working. Paper No. 10147.
Barro, R. J., McLeary, R. M., (2005). Which countries have state religions?. Quarterly Journal of Economics 120, 1331-1370.
Barro, R. J., McLeary, R. M., (2006). Religion and economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20, 49-72.
Blomberg, S. B., Deleire, T., Hess, G., (2006). The (after) life-cycle theory of religious contributions. CESifo Working Paper, No: 1854.
Brooks, A. C., (2003). Religious faith and charitable giving. Policy Review, 39-50.
Clark, A., and O. Lelkes, (2004). Deliver Us From Evil: Religion as Insurance. Mimeo, DELTA, Paris.
Cox, D., Raines, F., (1985). Interfamily transfers and income redistribution, In: David, Martin, Smeeding, Timothy (Eds.). Horizontal Equity, Uncertainty, and Measures. of Well-Being, University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
Elgin, C., Goksel, T., Gurdal, M. Y., Orman, C. (2013). Religion, income inequality, and the size of the government. Economic Modelling, 30, 225-234.
Ellis A. (1980). Psychotherapy and atheistic values: A response to A. E. Bergin’s psychotherapy and religious values. J Consult Clin Psychol; 48 (1), 635-9.
Gale, W., Scholz, J. K., (1994). Intergenerational transfers and the accumulation of wealth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8 (4), 145-160.
Gill, A., Lundsgaarde, E., (2004). State welfare spending and religiosity: a cross-national. analysis. Rationality and Society, 16 (4), 399-436.
Hall, R. E., Jones, C. I., (1999). Why do some countries produce so much more output per. worker than others?. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 83-116.
Heinemann, F., Schneider, F. G., (2011). Religion and the shadow economy. ZEW Discussion. Papers, 11-038.
Heltberg, R. (2002). The Growth Elasticity of Poverty. United Nations University. World Institute for Development Economics Research, 1-15.
Huber, J., (2005). Religious Belief, Religious Participation, and Social Policy Attitudes. Across Countries. Mimeo, Columbia University.
Hungerman, D. M., (2005). Are church and state substitutes? Evidence from the 1996 welfare reform. Journal of Public Economics, 89 (11-12), 2245-2267.
Iannacone, L. R., (1998). Introduction to the economics of religion. Journal of Economic Literature, 36, 1465-1496.
Jaffe, K., (2005). Science, religion and economic development. Interciencia, 30 (6), 82-91.
Kessler, D., Masson, A., (1989). Bequest and wealth accumulation: are some pieces of thepuzzle missing?. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3, 141-152.
Ku znets, Simon (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American EconomicReview, 1-28.
Ku znets, Simon. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 1-28.
LaPorta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R., (1999). The quality of government. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15, 222-279.
Lederman, D., Loayza, N., Soares, R. R., (2005). Accountability and corruption: political institutionsmatter. Economics and Politics, 17 (3), 1-35.
Lehrer, E. L., (1995). The effects of religion on the labor supply of married women. Social Science Research, 24, 281-301.
Lehrer, E. L., (1996). Religion as a determinant of fertility. Journal of Population Economics, 9, 173-196.
Lehrer, E. L., (1999). Religion as a determinant of educational attainment: an economic. perspective, Social Science Research, 28, 358-379.
Lehrer, E. L., Chiswick, C., (1993). Religion as a determinant ofmarital stability. Demography, 30 (3), 385-404.
Ma rtinez-Vazquez, Jorge, Blanca Moreno-Dodson, & Violeta Vulovic. (2012). The Impactof Tax and Expenditure Policies on Income Distribution: Evidence From a Large Panelof Countries. Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series, 12-30.
Maltby J, Day L. (2000). Depressive symptoms and religious orientation: Examining the relationship between religiosity and depression within the context of other correlates of depression. Pers Indiv Differ; 28 (2), 383-93.
McCleary, R. M., (2007). Salvation, damnation, and economic incentives. Journal of Contemporary, Religion, 22 (1), 49-74.
McCleary, R. M., Barro, R. J., (2006). Religion and economy in an international panel. Journal forthe Scientific Study of Religion, 45, 149-175.
Meltzer, A., Richard, S. F., (1981). A rational theory of the size of government. Journal of. Political Economy, 89 (5), 914-927.
Mohr, W. K. (2006). Spiritual issues in psychiatric care. Perspective in Psychiatric care, 42, 3, 174-183.
Norris, Inglehart, R., (2004). Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Peter Boettke (1994). Collapse of Development Planning. NYU Press. New York.
Sergei Guriev-William Megginson (2007). Privatization: What have We Learned?. Annual WorldBank Conference on Development Economics, 249-96.
Simon Kuznets, Economic Growth and Income Inequality (1954). The American EconomicReview. Vol. 45, No: 1, 1-28
To daro, Michael. P. (1997). Economic Development. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 23,275 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 750 |
||