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واکاوی نقش نهاد قضاء در تامین عدالت، امنیت و حقوق اجتماعی؛ مطالعه موردی خلافت مهدی عباسی (158-169 هـ .ق) | ||
| پژوهشنامه حقوق اسلامی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 04 اردیبهشت 1404 اصل مقاله (704.02 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30497/law.2025.247900.3724 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مسلم میرزاوند1؛ سیدعلاءالدین شاهرخی* 2؛ داریوش نظری3؛ مجتبی گراوند4 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری تاریخ اسلام، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران. | ||
| 2استاد، گروه تاریخ و باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران. | ||
| 3دانشیار، گروه تاریخ و باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران. | ||
| 4دانشیار، گروه تاریخ و باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| دوره خلافت مهدی عباسی (۱69-۱58 هـ .ق) که بستری برای تحولات پیچیده سیاسی و اجتماعی واقع شده بود، به مدیریت کارآمد نهادهای حاکمیتی نیاز اساسی داشت. نهاد قضاء به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین نهادهای تأثیرگذار در تنظیم مناسبات اجتماعی، نقش به‌سزایی در حفظ نظم و امنیت اجتماعی دارد. رسیدگی به شکایات، کمک به مدیریت بحران‌ها، برخورد با ناهنجاری‌های اجتماعی و تضمین حقوق شهروندان، از جمله کارکردهای اساسی نهاد قضاء در این دوره تاریخی محسوب می‌شود. هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر، تبیین نقش نهاد قضاء بر انتظام و امنیت اجتماعی، و شناسایی راهکارهای قضایی در مدیریت بحران‌های امنیتی، سیاسی و اجتماعی دوره پیش‌گفته است. همچنین، بررسی نحوه تعامل مقامات قضائی با دستگاه حکومتی و نقش ایشان در حل اختلافات اجتماعی و حقوقی نیز دور از نظر نگارندگان نبوده است؛ لذا پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی تحلیلی به این پرسش پاسخ می‌دهد که نهاد قضاء در دوره خلافت مهدی عباسی، چگونه در تأمین عدالت، امنیت و حقوق اجتماعی ایفای نقش کرده است؟ یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که با انتصاب قضات توانمند، رسیدگی عادلانه به شکایات و اختلافات، کنترل جرایم و دفع ناآرامی‌های اجتماعی، نهاد قضاء در حفظ و ثبات نظم عمومی این دوره موثر واقع شده است. ارتباط نزدیک قضات و دستگاه خلافت باعث تقویت ساختار سیاسی و قضایی حکومت عباسیان شده و نهاد قضاء به‌عنوان ابزاری مهم در تحکیم امنیت سیاسی این دوره عمل کرده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| نهاد قضاء؛ نظم عمومی؛ عدالت اجتماعی؛ عدالت قضایی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Examining the Judiciary’s Role in Promoting Justice, Security, and Social Rights: A Case Study of al-Mahdi al-Abbasi’s Caliphate (775–785 AD) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Moslem Mirzavand1؛ Seyyed Alaa al-Din Shahrokhi2؛ Dariush Nazari3؛ Mojtaba Garavand4 | ||
| 1PhD Student in History of Islam, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. | ||
| 2Professor, Department of History and Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. | ||
| 3Associate Professor, Department of History and Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. | ||
| 4Associate Professor, Department of History and Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| ∴ Introduction ∴ The Abbasid era of Caliph al-Mahdi (158–169 AH / 775–785 AD) witnessed acute social crises, political factionalism, and rampant administrative corruption. Against this backdrop, the judiciary emerged as a stabilising institution charged with enforcing Sharīʿa and governmental regulations, arbitrating civil and criminal disputes, and embodying the principle of political equality before the law. Although individual rulings of famous qāḍīs have been studied piecemeal, the systemic contribution of the courts to public order and social rights during al-Mahdi’s reign remains under-explored. This article therefore situates the judiciary at the centre of statecraft, interrogating how procedural innovations, enhanced oversight, and the Caliph’s direct patronage of judicial offices translated into tangible improvements in communal security and perceptions of justice. ∴ Research Question ∴ The study asks: To what extent did the Abbasid judiciary—through its institutional design, procedural practices, and doctrinal orientation—promote sustainable justice, public security, and the protection of social rights during the caliphate of al-Mahdi? Subsidiary questions examine (a) whether judicial interventions mitigated specific categories of unrest, and (b) how judicial authority interacted with executive power when enforcing equality before the law. ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ It is hypothesised that the judiciary functioned as a decisive instrument of governance, such that: Consistent application of Sharīʿa norms and administrative edicts reduced arbitrariness, thereby lowering incidences of social unrest. ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ Employing a historical-analytical design, the research triangulates narrative chronicles, juristic treatises, and archival fragments of judicial decrees preserved in later fiqh compilations. Theoretical grounding draws on socio-legal scholarship that links legal legitimacy to state capacity, while a governance-security nexus model frames the judiciary as an intermediary variable between executive policy and societal order. ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ Qualitative content analysis shows a pronounced judicial insistence on siyāsah sharʿiyyah—the doctrine that governmental measures must be tethered to Sharīʿa aims of justice and welfare. Case reports document judges voiding tax exactions deemed inequitable and overruling provincial governors who exceeded lawful punishment thresholds. Such decisions, while occasionally provoking tension with local authorities, reinforced perceptions of procedural fairness and curtailed opportunities for administrative corruption. Second, the Dīwān al-Maẓālim under al-Mahdi acted as a quasi-appellate forum. Its expanded sitting schedule, coupled with the Caliph’s personal attendance at selected sessions, signalled executive endorsement of judicial oversight. Citizens of diverse strata—merchants, mawālī, and tribal notables—successfully prosecuted claims against state agents, illustrating the court’s function as an equalising institution. This visibility, in turn, augmented public trust: narrative sources remark on heightened willingness of litigants to seek legal redress rather than resort to self-help or factional retaliation. Taken together, these findings corroborate the hypothesis that an empowered and comparatively autonomous judiciary operated as a stabilising pillar of early Abbasid governance. The data further nuance standard political histories by demonstrating that al-Mahdi’s drive for legitimacy relied not only on patronage and military strength but also on the institutionalisation of rule-of-law norms that tempered executive authority. ∴ Conclusion ∴ The evidence indicates that during 775-785 AD the Abbasid judiciary transcended a reactionary dispute-settlement role to become an architect of social order. By coupling strict doctrinal fidelity with pragmatic oversight of fiscal and administrative practice, judges reduced the incidence of public disorder, widened access to justice, and bolstered the moral credibility of the caliphal regime. The Dīwān al-Maẓālim emerged as the emblem of this synergy, simultaneously addressing citizen grievances and disciplining state officials. In effect, judicial independence—though never absolute—proved sufficient to check local abuses, foster compliance with Sharīʿa-grounded governance, and entrench the notion of political equality. These outcomes illuminate broader debates on the relationship between law and security in pre-modern Islamic polities. They suggest that where judicial institutions harness both doctrinal authority and executive backing, they can function as powerful levers for societal pacification and rights protection. The Mahdian precedent thus offers a historical template for understanding how legal legitimacy can underpin—not merely adorn—durable political stability. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| The Judiciary, Public Order, Social Justice, Judicial Justice | ||
| مراجع | ||
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