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تحلیل فقهی- حقوقی انطباق عقد ودیعه بر سپرده جاری در بانکداری اسلامی | ||
| تحقیقات مالی اسلامی | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 15، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 35، آبان 1404، صفحه 1-40 اصل مقاله (1015.71 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی (بانکداری اسلامی) | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30497/ifr.2025.248868.1986 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| غلامعلی معصومینیا1؛ امیر یزدانپرست* 2 | ||
| 1دانشیار، گروه اقتصاد و بانکداری اسلامی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2مدرس سطح4 حوزوی، فقه معاملات، حوزه علمیه، اهواز، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| 1. مقدمه و هدف سپرده قرضالحسنه یکی از پرکاربردترین ابزارهای بانکی در نظام بانکداری اسلامی است، اما ماهیت فقهی و حقوقی آن همواره محل اختلاف میان فقها و حقوقدانان بوده است. دیدگاههای مطرحشده، این سپرده را بهعنوان قرض، ودیعه کامل یا ناقص، صلح یا حتی عقدی جدید تحلیل کردهاند؛ بااینحال، دیدگاه غالب، به دلیل تصرف مالکانه بانک و بازپرداخت «مثل» بهجای «عین»، آن را مصداق عقد قرض دانسته است. با توجه به قاعده فقهی «العقود تابعة للقصود» و نقش محوری قصد واقعی سپردهگذاران در تعیین ماهیت قراردادها، هدف این پژوهش بررسی امکان انطباق عقد ودیعه بر سپرده قرضالحسنه در نظام بانکداری اسلامی است. 2. مواد و روشها پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی تلفیقی و به روش توصیفی–تحلیلی انجام شده است. در بخش نظری، منابع فقهی، حقوقی و قوانین بانکی مرتبط با سپردههای قرضالحسنه مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. در بخش تجربی، دادههای میدانی حاصل از بیش از ۷۰۰ پرسشنامه تکمیلشده توسط سپردهگذاران حساب جاری، بهمنظور سنجش قصد، آگاهی و رضایت آنان نسبت به ماهیت سپرده و نحوه تصرف بانک، گردآوری و تحلیل شد. تلفیق این دو رویکرد، امکان مقایسه میان مفروضات نظری رایج و واقعیتهای رفتاری سپردهگذاران را فراهم ساخت. 3. یافتههای تحقیق یافتههای میدانی نشان داد ۸۷ درصد سپردهگذاران وجوه خود را با قصد ودیعه و امانتگذاری در بانک سپردهگذاری کردهاند و بیش از ۹۰ درصد آنان از استفاده بانک از وجوهشان ناراضی بوده یا رضایت آگاهانهای در این خصوص نداشتهاند. این نتایج بیانگر آن است که نیت واقعی سپردهگذاران با فرض قرض بودن سپردههای جاری و انتقال مالکیت به بانک همخوانی ندارد. افزون بر این، تحلیل نظری پژوهش نشان داد با پذیرش ماهیت اعتباری پول و نظریه خلق پول بانکی، بانکها در عمل تصرفی در وجوه سپردههای جاری ندارند و تسهیلات اعطایی از محل خلق پول انجام میشود؛ بنابراین، سپرده جاری میتواند بهعنوان «ودیعه کامل» تفسیر شود. در مواردی که سپردهگذار به بانک اذن تصرف غیر ناقل مالکیت داده و به استرداد «مثل» رضایت دهد، ماهیت سپرده به «ودیعه ناقص یا خلاف قاعده» نزدیک میشود. در صورت باقیماندن تردید، میتوان سپرده جاری را عقدی جدید با ماهیتی مشابه ودیعه دانست. 4. بحث و نتیجهگیری نتایج پژوهش نشان میدهد تلقی غالبِ قرض بودن سپردههای جاری، با قصد واقعی سپردهگذاران و برخی مبانی نوین فقهی و اقتصادی سازگار نیست. انطباق سپرده قرضالحسنه بر عقد ودیعه، ضمن حفظ حقوق مالکانه سپردهگذاران، میتواند بخشی از چالشهای فقهی بانکداری بدون ربا را کاهش دهد. بر این اساس، پیشنهاد میشود در نظام بانکداری اسلامی، حسابهایی با ماهیت ودیعه یا عقدی جدید مشابه آن، بهویژه برای اموری مانند اخذ وجوهات شرعی، طراحی شود؛ بهگونهای که بانک در این حسابها فاقد حق تصرفات مالکانه باشد و مشروعیت و شفافیت نظام بانکی ارتقا یابد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| بانکداری بدون ربا؛ بانکداری اسلامی؛ حساب جاری؛ سپرده قرضالحسنه؛ ودیعه؛ ودیعه ناقص؛ قرض | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Jurisprudential-Legal Analysis of the Compliance of Deposit Contract with Current Qard-ul-Hasana Deposit in Islamic Banking | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Gholam Ali Masouminiya1؛ Amir Yazdanparast2 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Department of Economics and Islamic Banking, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Lecturer, Level 4 Seminary, Jurisprudence of Transactions, Seminary, Ahvaz, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| 1. Introduction and Objective Current accounts constitute one of the most fundamental pillars of modern banking systems and play a decisive role in facilitating payment services, liquidity management, and financial intermediation. In Islamic banking, however, the jurisprudential and legal nature of current accounts—particularly those classified as qard al-ḥasanah current deposits—has remained a subject of persistent debate among jurists, legal scholars, and policymakers. Classical and contemporary Islamic jurisprudence has proposed various interpretations of the legal nature of current deposits, including loan (qard), complete deposit (wādīʿah tammah), incomplete or unconventional deposit wādīʿah ghayr mutifah, settlement (ṣulḥ), or even a newly constructed contract outside traditional nominate contracts. The dominant jurisprudential position in many Islamic banking systems, including Iran, treats current deposits as loans to banks. This classification is primarily justified by two arguments: first, the bank’s proprietary control and utilization of deposited funds; and second, the obligation of the bank to return an equivalent amount (mithl) rather than the identical physical units (ʿayn) deposited. Consequently, the depositor is regarded as a creditor and the bank as a debtor, thereby framing the contractual relationship within the legal structure of qard. Despite its prevalence, this interpretation raises significant jurisprudential, ethical, and practical concerns. Most notably, it appears to conflict with the widely accepted jurisprudential maxim al-ʿuqūd tābiʿah li-l-quṣūd (contracts are determined by the intentions of the contracting parties). Empirical observation suggests that the overwhelming majority of depositors do not intend to lend their money to banks, nor do they consciously consent to proprietary exploitation of their funds. Instead, their primary motivation is safekeeping, transactional convenience, and trust. Against this backdrop, the present study aims to reassess the jurisprudential and legal classification of current accounts in Islamic banking by examining whether the contract of deposit (wādīʿah) can be validly applied to such accounts. The central objective is to demonstrate that, when depositor intent, the nature of fiat money, and the contemporary theory of bank money creation are properly taken into account, current accounts may be more coherently classified as deposits rather than loans. By integrating doctrinal analysis with empirical evidence, this research seeks to provide a more realistic, legitimate, and ethically consistent framework for Islamic banking operations. 2. Methods and Materials This study adopts an integrative and interdisciplinary research design combining jurisprudential–legal analysis with empirical field research. In the theoretical component, classical and contemporary sources of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), legal doctrines, statutory banking laws, and scholarly literature on Islamic banking were systematically reviewed and critically analyzed. Particular attention was given to discussions on the nature of qard, wādīʿah, contractual intent, and the jurisprudential implications of modern fiat money. In parallel, the study incorporates an empirical investigation to assess the actual intentions, awareness, and satisfaction of depositors regarding current accounts. A structured questionnaire was designed in consultation with academic experts and distributed among more than 700 current account holders in the city of Ahvaz, Iran. The sample included diverse social groups such as teachers, university students, seminary students, employees, and self-employed individuals, all of whom regularly use current accounts for salary payments, check issuance, and daily transactions. The questionnaire addressed key dimensions including: (1) depositors’ awareness of the legal terms governing current accounts; (2) their perception of ownership over deposited funds; (3) their consent or dissatisfaction regarding the bank’s use of their money; and (4) their primary intention in opening and maintaining current accounts (deposit/trust versus lending). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, with results presented in percentage form to capture prevailing depositor attitudes. The combination of doctrinal analysis and empirical evidence enabled a comprehensive comparison between the theoretical assumptions underlying banking contracts and the lived realities of depositors, thereby strengthening the validity and originality of the study. 3. Research Findings The empirical findings reveal a significant discrepancy between prevailing legal classifications of current accounts and the actual intentions of depositors. The results show that 87% of respondents deposited their funds with the explicit intention of safekeeping and trust, not lending. Moreover, over 90% expressed dissatisfaction or lack of informed consent regarding the bank’s utilization of their funds for profit-generating activities. Only a small minority considered their deposits as loans to the bank or believed that ownership of the funds was transferred upon deposit. These findings directly challenge the assumption that current deposits can be legitimately treated as qard based on depositor consent. From a jurisprudential perspective, the absence of true and informed intent to lend undermines the validity of loan classification, as intention constitutes a foundational element of contractual legitimacy in Islamic law. On the theoretical level, the study demonstrates that contemporary fiat money lacks intrinsic physical value and derives its legitimacy from legal recognition and social acceptance. Furthermore, by adopting the modern theory of bank money creation, the research shows that banks do not primarily lend out existing deposits but instead create new money through accounting mechanisms when extending credit. Under this framework, current deposits remain intact in depositors’ accounts, while loans are generated through monetary creation rather than the physical use of deposited funds. Accordingly, if banks do not exercise proprietary control over deposited funds in the traditional sense, one of the main arguments for classifying current accounts as loans becomes untenable. On this basis, current accounts can be regarded as complete deposits (wādīʿah tammah), wherein ownership remains with the depositor and the bank acts as a custodian. The study further acknowledges alternative scenarios. If a depositor explicitly grants the bank permission for non-proprietary utilization of funds and consents to restitution by equivalent value, the relationship may be characterized as an incomplete or unconventional deposit. Where neither classification is entirely satisfactory, current accounts may be conceptualized as a new contract possessing a deposit-like nature, consistent with Islamic jurisprudential principles while accommodating modern banking realities. 4. Discussion and Conclusion The findings of this research suggest that the dominant treatment of current accounts as loans in Islamic banking systems rests on assumptions that are increasingly inconsistent with both depositor intent and contemporary monetary realities. By foregrounding the principle of contractual intent and integrating empirical evidence, the study demonstrates that current accounts align more closely with the concept of wādīʿah than with qard. Reclassifying current accounts as deposits carries important jurisprudential and practical implications. It preserves depositor ownership, restricts unauthorized proprietary use by banks, and resolves several persistent challenges in Islamic banking—such as conditional lending practices and concerns over implicit ribā. Moreover, it enhances transparency, trust, and legitimacy within Islamic financial institutions. The study concludes by recommending the development of deposit-based or newly structured accounts within Islamic banking systems, particularly for sensitive purposes such as holding religious funds (wujūhāt sharʿiyyah), where banks must be explicitly prohibited from proprietary utilization. Such reforms would contribute to aligning Islamic banking practices more closely with both jurisprudential principles and depositor expectations, thereby strengthening the ethical and legal foundations of Islamic finance. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| Interest-free Banking, Islamic Banking, Current Account, Current Deposit, Deposit (Wādīʿah), Incomplete Deposit, Loan | ||
| مراجع | ||
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