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مالکیت مراعی؛ مفهوم و مصادیق | ||
| پژوهشنامه حقوق اسلامی | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 25، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 63، فروردین 1403، صفحه 1-32 اصل مقاله (648.02 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.30497/law.2023.243942.3334 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سیدمصطفی محقق داماد1؛ علی ساعتچی* 2؛ محمدهادی جواهرکلام3 | ||
| 1استاد، گروه حقوق اسلامی، دانشکده حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 2استادیار، گروه حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. | ||
| 3استادیار، گروه حقوق خصوصی و اقتصادی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در پژوهش حاضر، مفهوم و مصادیق «مالکیت مُراعی» و مهم‌ترین احکام و آثار آن، با روش توصیفی تحلیلی، از منظر فقه امامیه و حقوق ایران مورد مطالعه قرارگرفته است. در تحقیق پیش‌رو با این پرسش‌ها مواجه بودیم که مفهوم مالکیت مراعی چیست و با مفاهیم مشابه، نظیر مالکیت متزلزل، مالکیت موقت و مالکیت معلق چه وجوه افتراقی دارد؟ به‌علاوه، مهم‌ترین مصادیق مالکیت مراعی در نظام فقهی و حقوقی کدام است؟ وانگهی، چه احکام و آثاری بر مالکیت مراعی بار می‌شود و سبب تمایز آن از مفاهیم مشابه می‌گردد؟ پس از مطالعه گسترده در فقه امامیه و حقوق مدنی ایران، این نتیجه حاصل شد که مالکیت مراعی بدان معناست که قطعی شدن مالکیتِ منتقل‌الیه، منوط به تعیین تکلیف یک وضعیت احتمالی دیگر است؛ بدین نحو که با منتفی شدن مانعِ احتمالی کشف می‌شود که انتقال‌گیرنده از آغاز مالک مال بوده است و با اثرگذاری مانع، معلوم می‌گردد که هیچ‌گاه منتقل‌الیهِ ظاهری، مالک مال مورد انتقال نشده است؛ چنانکه ماده 878 قانون مدنی ایران مالکیت مراعی را در همین معنا به‌کار برده است. بدین ترتیب، تفاوت مالکیت مراعی با مفاهیم مشابه، به‌ویژه مالکیت متزلزل آشکار می‌شود. مهم‌ترین مصادیق قانونی یا شرعی مالکیت مراعی عبارت است از: مالکیت ورثه نسبت به ترکه پیش از ادای دیون مورّث، مالکیت ورثه نسبت به ترکه غیرمنقول معادل سهم زوجه متوفی، مالکیت حمل نسبت به ترکه یا موصی‌به، مالکیت زن نسبت به نفقه، مالکیت خریداران بعدی در بیع متضمن احدی از خیارهای قراردادی، مالکیت خریداران بعدی حصه مشاع پیش از اخذ به شفعه توسط شفیع، مالکیت عامل و مالک در عقد مضاربه و النهایه مالکیت مغصوب‌عنه در بدل حیلوله. همچنین نمونه‌های بارز مالکیت مراعی با منشأ ارادی و قراردادی، شامل بیع معلق، خیار شرط و شرط فاسخ است، اگر طبق توافق اثر قهقرایی برای آنها مقرر شده باشد. لذا پیشنهاد می‌شود ضمن پرهیز از اختلاط مفاهیم، دکترین حقوقی و رویه قضایی، بر اساس ضابطه پیش‌گفته، مالکیت مراعی را بر مصادیق مشابه دیگر، با احکام و آثار یادشده، تطبیق داده و اعمال نمایند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| مالکیت مراعی؛ مالکیت متزلزل؛ مالکیت موقت؛ وضعیت مراعی؛ مصادیق مالکیت | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Mora'a Ownership; Definition and Instances | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Seyyed Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad1؛ Ali Saatchi2؛ Mohammad Hadi Javaherkalam3 | ||
| 1Professor, Department of Islamic Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. | ||
| 3Assistant Professor, Department of Private and Economic Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| ∴ Introduction Ownership, a cornerstone of legal systems worldwide, delineates the relationship between individuals and their property under the purview of the law. In Islamic jurisprudence, this relationship is imbued with specific principles and interpretations, reflecting a nuanced understanding of property rights. Among the varied conceptions of ownership, the notion of Mora'a ownership emerges as a distinctive yet underexplored facet. While conventional forms of ownership, such as established and precarious ownership, have been extensively studied, Mora'a ownership remains relatively obscure, necessitating a focused inquiry into its nature, instances, and legal implications. ∴ Research Question The fundamental inquiry guiding this study pertains to the scope and characteristics of Mora'a ownership within the framework of Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian civil law. Specifically, the research seeks to elucidate whether ownership, traditionally categorized as stable or precarious, encompasses additional modalities, including Mora'a ownership. By examining the conceptual underpinnings and practical manifestations of Mora'a ownership, the study aims to discern its unique features and distinguish it from other forms of ownership. ∴ Research Hypothesis Building upon existing scholarship and jurisprudential insights, the research posits that alongside conventional paradigms of ownership, such as established and precarious ownership, Mora'a ownership constitutes a distinct category with its own defining characteristics. Contrary to prevalent assumptions, Mora'a ownership transcends the binary framework of stability and precarity, offering a nuanced understanding of property rights within Islamic legal traditions. Through a systematic analysis of legal texts, judicial decisions, and scholarly discourse, the hypothesis contends that Mora'a ownership manifests in diverse contexts, necessitating a comprehensive examination to grasp its implications fully. ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable This research adopts a primarily doctrinal approach, drawing upon Islamic jurisprudence, Iranian civil law, and legal scholarship to explicate the concept of Mora'a ownership. Utilizing a comparative methodology, the study juxtaposes Mora'a ownership with established legal doctrines and precedents, elucidating its distinguishing features and implications. Furthermore, the research incorporates a contextual analysis of relevant judicial decisions and legislative provisions, providing insights into the practical application of Mora'a ownership within the contemporary legal landscape. By synthesizing doctrinal analysis with contextual inquiry, the study endeavors to offer a comprehensive understanding of Mora'a ownership and its significance within legal theory and practice. ∴ Results & Discussion The examination of Mora'a ownership reveals distinct characteristics that differentiate it from other forms of ownership, such as precarious, temporary, and contingent ownership. While precarious ownership entails the possibility of termination under specific conditions, Mora'a ownership denotes a unique scenario where ownership, although established, may cease retroactively due to impediments that invalidate its inception. This distinction is crucial, as it elucidates the nature of ownership rights and obligations, particularly concerning the vesting of benefits. In Islamic Sharia and Iranian legislation, various instances of Mora'a ownership are explicitly identified, underscoring its relevance within legal frameworks. For instance, inheritance rights and the wife's share of her husband's immovable property are deemed as Mora'a ownership, as per specific provisions in the Iranian Civil Code. Additionally, fetal ownership concerning inheritance and the wife's entitlement to alimony exemplify scenarios where ownership status is contingent upon specific circumstances, thereby aligning with the principles of Mora'a ownership. Furthermore, recent legal precedents, such as the Iran Supreme Court Decision No. 810 - 1400 SH, reinforce the applicability of Mora'a ownership in contemporary jurisprudence. This ruling, which recognizes subsequent buyers' ownership despite contractual contingencies, underscores the retroactive effect of Mora'a ownership in contractual relationships, thereby expanding its scope beyond traditional interpretations. However, certain misconceptions persist among legal scholars regarding the classification of ownership instances, leading to erroneous categorizations of Mora'a ownership as precarious ownership. To rectify such misunderstandings, it is imperative for legal practitioners and scholars to adhere to the delineated criteria and accurately apply the concept of Mora'a ownership to analogous scenarios. Moreover, voluntary and contractual instances, such as conditional contracts and suspended sales, underscore the potential for Mora'a ownership to arise in diverse legal contexts, further substantiating its significance within legal theory and practice. ∴ Conclusion In conclusion, the study of Mora'a ownership illuminates a nuanced dimension of property rights within Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law. Defined as ownership established but subsequently invalidated due to inherent obstacles, Mora'a ownership necessitates careful consideration to distinguish it from similar concepts such as precarious ownership, temporary ownership, and contingent ownership. The delineation of Mora'a ownership instances, including inheritance rights, spousal entitlements, and contractual contingencies, underscores its practical relevance within legal frameworks. To prevent confusion and foster a coherent understanding of property rights, it is imperative for legal scholars and practitioners to accurately apply the principles and implications of Mora'a ownership to relevant legal scenarios. By enriching and consolidating this indigenous theory within the legal system, stakeholders can ensure the equitable administration of justice and uphold the integrity of property rights in Islamic and Iranian legal contexts. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Mora'a Ownership, Uncertain Ownership, Temporary Ownership, Mora’a Situation, Instances of Ownership | ||
| مراجع | ||
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